The Evolution of Mobile Phone Generations / 1G / 2G / 3G / 4G / 5G

The mobile phone was first introduced in America in 1980's and later it spread throughout the whole world. This first generation (1G) mobile phones used wireless technology that is different from telephones and other wired phones. It uses analog signals to transmit voice over the air but no SMS or text message can be sent with this technology. The speed limit of it was only 2.4 kilobytes per second. The size of the first generation mobile phones was large as compared to the present generation phones. The battery life of this phones was not so good and was unable to serve the best voice quality. It didn't support international calls and was limited to within-country use.

After 10 years, i.e., in the late 1990's, the second generation (2G) came into being and was based on the GSM technology. These second generation phones used digital signals to transmit data over the network. The overall speed in this generations was increased up to 64 kbps which is quite faster than first generation phones. GPRS, which is an upgrade of GSM features allows the user to obtain higher data speed than GSM network. It served better voice quality with text-messaging support. The battery life of these phones had also improved. It was the first wireless service that provides SMS and ISD facility to the user.

After few years the 2.5 G technology has been developed and is a bit faster than 2G mobiles. The speed has increased up to 144 kbps. As a result streaming of videos can be done with this phones. During that time many people in India got access to the internet on their mobile phones.

Later on, 2.75 G or EDGE technology came into being. This service is a little bit faster than 2.5 G. You may also have noticed that the symbol 'G' or 'E' is shown as a network activity when you activated the internet on your mobile phones. At that period, many people connected their PC with their mobile phones for browsing the internet. This 2.75 G connection is used by more people than the previous generations. The internet generation has arrived faster in our hands than we expected.

In the early 2000's a 3rd generation (3G) network was introduced. This connection provides a mobile broadband facility to the user and it was supposed to be the fastest wireless internet in India at that time. The speed has increased up to 2 MB per second which is much faster as compared to the mobile phones in the 2G network. These 3G mobile phones were also known as smartphones. Video calling and other live streaming features can be done feasibly with these smartphones.

Fourth generation (4G) was first introduced in 2007 in South Korea and later it spread throughout the world. This technology gives users faster internet access than the previous generations could offer. With this technology, the user can make high-definition video calls and video conferencing calls with ease. The user can watch 3D television and HD live TV on their 4G smartphones.

This 4G service is a true mobile broadband service which is capable of providing 100 MB per second to 1 GB per second of speed. The data transmission speed is much higher than the previous 3G network. This 4G network is very secure to use as it uses IP based protocols. The 4G phones look identical to 3G phones but are more expensive than 3G phones. The only problem in 4G phones is the faster battery drain. More likely this battery draining problem will be solved shortly.

The next generation i.e., 5G is a rumor to be launched in early 2020's. 5G mobile phones will be more secure and more optimized than the present 4G mobile phones. It will have a speed limit of 1GB per second to 3 GB per second. 

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How To Record PC Screen / Best Screen Recorder For Windows And Mac

Screen Recorder is a video capturing software or program that allows you to record the activities of the whole or part of your computer's screen along with an audio. Anything is going on the screen will automatically record and save it on the computer as a video. Screenshots can also be taken with this tool.

So this post is meant for presenting the whereabouts of the best quality screen recorder tool among all source of existing ones. I hope this will help you to find the best ones without spending your valuable time in searching your desirable screen recorder. So, I am talking about Apowersoft screen recorder which is the best screen recorder according to my experience. This virtual tool will help you to record the entire or specific regions on the screen in different formats.The recording quality is great and is free to use.

Apowersoft screen recorder has some advance feature with which you can set into different recording modes, schedule task for recording, webcam videos recording and also has the smart real-time editing tool feature. It is great for instructional purposes and educational too.

You can download this Apowersoft recording tool by clicking it here.
For mac user please click here to download this Apowersoft recording tool.

Apowersoft also offers you to use their online web-based screen recording tool. Here is the link to visit their site.

Once you have installed it on your system you're ready to go to record your screen with Apowersoft screen recorder. Let us have a look at how the recording can be done...

Click on the drop-down menu on the right side of the Record button. Select the mode of record from the list. If you want to record a specific region on the screen then click the first option- "Region" or if you want to record the entire screen then click on the second option- "Full screen" mode. I always choose the full-screen mode to record the screen.

If you choose "Region" then after that select the desired area on the screen with the mouse and then click on start.

Click on "Ok" to start recording.

 If you want to take a break then press F10 key and then resume it by pressing the same key. To stop recording press F7 key. Click twice on the file to open your recording video. 

The recording video will save in a specific folder. Right-click on the recording file and then select "Open Folder". 

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Ink Jet And Laser Printer- Their Differences / Which One Should I Choose

This article is published with a view to bringing light to making the clear choice of more suitable printers of either inkjet or laser printer in different fields showing their differences.

An inkjet printer is a type of printer that prints hard copy by spraying ink onto the paper. The ink then sticks into the paper and produces color.

But the technology used by the laser printer to print images is a little bit different than inkjet printers. The laser printer uses electrostatics and a narrow laser beam to print images as a result of which printing is made more quickly than inkjet printers.

Inkjet printers are generally used to print high-quality photos, graphical images, image-heavy documents. But the printing of this process is slow in comparison to laser printers.

The laser printer can print 20 to 30 pages per minute. Each toner cartridge of it can print out anywhere from 5000 to 10000 pages smoothly. Although the cost of the laser printer is high, their printing cost of ink is economical.

It can be pointed out that the cost of the inkjet printer is low. But the price of its ink cartridges is high. On the other hand, its advantage is that the inkjet printer cartridge can be refilled and reused without replacing a new one.

Finally, it is to be noted that laser printers are generally bigger in size as compared to inkjet printers. They are more suitable for office use or printing shop where a vast amount of documents need to be printed.

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How To Make A Rectifier / Configuration Of A Bridge Rectifier

Most of the portable electronic devices require DC power source to operate. The circuit in the device starts to function when the direct current flows through it.This DC circuit is unable to hold the AC current and so it uses a bridge rectifier to convert AC to DC. Bridge rectifier allows a current to flow through it in one direction only. Bridge rectifier consists of four normal diodes that are connected one after another to form a single circuit.

This is the schematics of how the diodes are connected for rectifying the input. The D1, D2, D3, D4 are diodes that are connected to form an uncontrolled rectifier. This type of rectifier is used only in a fixed power supply. The following are the 1N4007 diodes.

                 

The following is the configuration of how the 1N4007 diodes should connect to form the bridge rectifier. 

The bridge rectifier converts AC to DC at any given voltage between 1volt to 230 volts. The step- down transformer is in need to reduce the voltage as per the device requirements. After reducing voltage by the transformer the rectifier starts working to convert the flow of electrons to direct current.

This is a 6 Volt 6-0-6 500mA step-down transformer. The number of turns in the primary winding of the transformer is more than the number of turns of the secondary winding. Its work is to change the amplitude of the input voltage. If you want to give a supply to a DC circuit from an AC supply then you need this type of step-down transformer. The two blue wire indicates the potential difference at the end. This two-wire will go to the AC terminal to the rectifier as an input.

If you want to run a 6 Volt DC motor with 6 Volt power supply then you need 4 AAA batteries 1.5 Volt each to get the approx. 6 Volt.

But if you want to run a 6 Volt DC motor with 230 Volt alternating current then you need a step-down transformer in the first step to reduce the voltage from 230 volts to 6 volts. Once the voltage is dropped, the rectifier will start working to convert AC to DC.

Finally, with the combination of transformer and the rectifier, we are getting a pure 6 Volt DC for the motor to run smoothly.

Unless you put rectifier at the end of the transformer, the motor won't rotate. The motor will vibrate with the frequency of alternating current. The rectifier is not only needed to run motors but also needed in all electronic components and appliances. LED light is also made up of rectifiers and some resistors and capacitors. Without rectifier, the LED will not get the pure current and the light in the LED will shiver, the lifetime of the LED will also reduce.

  

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How To Power A LED / Role Of Resistor In LED Power Supply

A resistor is an electronic component that limits the flow of current and finally divides the voltage in a circuit. So, a resistor limits the current through LED (Light Emitting Diode). If a resistor is not used then LED will consume the current until it melts. The voltage drop across a LED depends on the colour of LED. For example, the voltage drop across 5mm blue LED is 3.4 volts. So if you want to lit up a 5mm blue LED with 5-volt power supply, you need a 320 Ω resistor. How?

Let's find it out -

At first, we need to find voltage drop across the resistor (Vr)?

We know, Voltage drop across resistor (Vr) = Specified supply voltage (Vs) - LED voltage drop (Vf)

Vr = Vs - Vf

So we have 5 V as specified supply voltage and the voltage drop across 5mm blue LED is 3.4 volts.
Therefore, voltage drop across resistor (Vr) = 5 - 3.4 = 1.6 volts.

We need to pass 5 mA (milliampere) current through 5mm blue LED to gives the good visibility of the LED. LED at 1 mA is easily visible.

i.e., Specified desired current (I) through LED = 5 mA or .005 ampere.

So, the resistance (R) = Voltage drop across resistor / Current through LED

R = V / I (Ohms law)
R= Vr / I R=Vs - Vf / I

     R = Vs - Vf / I
         = 5 - 3.4 / .005
         = 320 Ω.

The resistance of 320 Ω will give voltage drop across the resistor of 1.6 volts and the remaining 3.4 Volts drop on the blue LED.

If you know the forward voltage of a LED then you can easily find the voltage across the resistor by deducting the forward voltage with the supply voltage.

Now, if you know voltage drop across the resistor and the resistance capacity of a resistor than you can easily identify how much current the LED will consume.

If you take the example of 5mm blue LED,

Vr = 5- 3.4 = 1.6

Therefore, current I = V / R = 1.6 / 320 = .005 Ampere or 5 milli ampere.

Now, let us take the example of 5mm red LED,

Red LED has forward voltage drop = 1.8 to 2.2 volts.

Vr = 5 - 2 = 3 (Vf is taken as 2 volts as an average)
I = 3 / 320 = .009 Ampere or 9 milli ampere.

This indicates that red LED needs slightly higher current than the blue LED and the resistance should be more than 330 Ω.

But the maximum current through red LED should be below 20 mA otherwise it will melt.

So, in case of red LED, R = 5v-2v / .009amp = 333 Ω resistor is needed to lit up the 5 mm red LED with 5v power supply.

In case of green LED, the forward voltage drop of green LED is 2.2 volts. So, R = 5 - 2.2 / .005 = 560 Ω resistor is needed to lit up a 5mm green LED. 5 milli amp of current passes through it and the supply voltage is 5 volts.

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5 Best Sources Of Free Non-copyrighted Images

Non-copyrighted images are such images that don't include any legal right. Those images can be freely used for any purpose without any risk. Bloggers, web-designers, creators etc are greatly in need of using such images for their works. Most of the images found in the google search are copyrighted and these cannot be used by others for any purpose. It is also not easy and feasible for all to create images for fulfilling their ends. So, to solve this typical problem there is a fine and popular way or source of having images for using in their creations. This post is designed to throw light on this solution.

Public domain is the designation for such images. The images in the public domain are considered to be free of copyrights or whose copyright has expired or never existed in the first place.

Following are the ways to identify the public domain images:-

1) The copyright doesn't exist for such images.
2) The period of the copyright of such images has already expired. and
3) The image is assigned through a Creative Commons Zero license (CC0) or similar release.

All the images in the public domain can be copied, modified and distributed under a Creative common license. These images can be used by anyone at any time even commercially without the need of taking permission from the owner or giving credit to the artist. It is advisable to use these non-copyrighted images with utmost care.

So let's find out which website is the best for non-copyrighted images.

1. Pixabay

Pixabay, the great community of creatives, not only having high-quality public domain images but also vectors, illustrations and videos for creators, bloggers and photographers. All the contents in this website are released under CC0 which means you can use their contents safely to any platform without asking for permission to the owners.

2. Jeshoots

Jeshoots is another free public domain images website where you'll get free photos for your works. Jeshoots gives you the right to use their images for personal as well as a commercial project for yourself or for a client. More than 10 lakh photos have been downloaded from this website last year.
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3. Old Book Illustrations

Old Book Illustrations include a huge collection of public domain illustrations that are taken from the modest collection of old books and vector illustrations. The images in this site can be modified and distributed for personal as well as commercial use.

4. Public Domain Vectors

Public Domain Vectors website has really nice collections of public domain vectors that are available to download in various formats. It offers non-copyright vector images that can be edited, distributed and use those image for unlimited commercial use without taking permission from the website owner.

5. Unsplash

Unsplash is an another popular public domain image website with high resolution images. Unsplash offers high-resolution images for free. It has more than 25000+ photos in stock and has become the creative community with millions of users world-wide.

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Make Money By Selling Domain Names

Do you want to know how you can make money by selling domains? If yes then go through this post and you'll understand everything at the end. Buying and selling of domains are similar to buying and selling of land. Yes, this is true that you can purchase a domain name for sale. Domain name is not only your address but also your property. You can sell them for a huge profit. It can be a hidden treasure for you. People purchase land and sell them when their cost increases. Likewise, you can purchase a good domain name and sell when it is demandable.

Think of three to four character domain name- it can be abc.com, abd.com, acb.com, bac.com or abcd.com, abdc.com, bacd.com and so on. Suppose, if luckily you got any of these three character domain names and registered. After some time, your three character domain name may be a short form of a new business formed anywhere in the world. They might be searching the exact domain name you own. If they contact you, you're lucky enough. After scrutinizing the financial strength of the company you can make a demand to them as per your need.

Again there are some efficient businessmen who can make an accurate forecast about what will be the character of the new company they desire to open after some time. According to this forecast, they purchase domains for the upcoming company.
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Do you know that ebet.com is purchased with $100 and sold at $1350,000? So the profit of the domain business shows to be unimaginable.

Rick Schwartz is a college dropout salesman. He purchased candy.com with 1 lakh dollar and sold it as 30 lakh dollar. What a big difference?

Such examples of immense profit in the buying and selling of domain business are shown underneath:-

Good domain names are those which are small, unique, easy to remember and easy to write. People search eagerly for a good domain name for their business. But unluckily, they cannot find a good domain as someone might already have a possession of that domain name. In that case, buying expired domain names may be an option. Every day more than thousands of domain name get expired on the internet. After getting expired, the name of such domain comes to the marketplace for sale. Once you find that available domain name from the expired list you can take the advantage of it to register for a profitable sale in course of time.

The following are the three websites where you will get all the information about the plenty of expired domain names.
1) expireddomains.net
2) redhotdomainnames.com
3) justdropped.com/

Suppose you've got a good domain name, now you have to wait for the purchaser. In the meantime, you can park your domain or you can redirect it also. DNS parking or domain parking is a process of securing a domain name for future use. This means that no one can register your domain until the park is withdrawn. This service is offered by the web host or a domain provider. Domain parking is also used by domain brokers. They register a domain name in advance for the purpose of reselling after its value increases. One thing you have to keep in mind that buying others branded domain name is an offence. Suppose philips.com has expired and you will find philips.com in that expired list. We all know that Philips is a well-known company. If such things happen then there will be no right for you to take that domain name. So never buy other brand names and if you do so then you may face a legal suit.

There are lots of marketplaces for buying and selling domains. Flippa, Sedo, Afternic, Free market, Namepros, Aftermarket, Nokta domains, Fabulous domains, Cax, BrandBucket, Catchy, DNX, Namerific are a few of them. They can make a sale of your domain name at a higher price. Many buyers and sellers visit those sites for buying and selling of domains. When your domain name is at selling list, the buyer will make a bid into your domain name. You can sell your domain name to the person having the highest bid. Flippa, Sedo and Namepros are most common and you can list your domain there. You can also list your domain name at free of cost in those markets. In this case, the marketer will take the commission on the selling cost.

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Building Website Using Computer Languages

If you are looking forward to learn something new about web development for building websites without hiring a web developer then this post may be helpful for you. If you have planned to build a website with coding then you must have a solid understanding of the concept of web development. By the way, web-development is the whole process of creating websites by using different computer languages. Web development is a very exciting career choice for the one who is interested in creating interactive web pages. Web-development has three parts- client side scripting, server side scripting and a database technology.

Client Side Scripting

Client side scripting is a series of coding or a program executed in the web-browser of the website user. When a web developer write codes that are executed in the web browser with or without having the use of internet and that scripting of code is called client side scripting. HTML, CSS, Ajax, Javascript, Jquery, Flash, Microsoft Silverlight are the examples of client side scripting language.

HTML

HTML or Hyper Text Markup language is used to determine the structure and the content of a website. Every website you see on the internet is built with HTML elements. If you consider land as a domain name than HTML is the structure of the building over the land or domain. The design of the building will come up on the next step.

CSS

CSS or Cascading Style Sheet is a language used to style the content of the web page. This language is simple and easy to learn and write. Generally, CSS is supported by all the web-browsers that are available today. CSS has more option than HTML to describe the look of the web page. If you consider land as a domain and building as an HTML then CSS is like a style and design of the building over the land. Whatever style you see on the website is because of the presence of CSS coding.

Javascript 

Javascript is an object oriented computer language used to create interactive web pages. For example, if you want to add Image galleries or slideshows or form validations in the website then you should take the help of a javascript. Adding this will improve the user's experience of the website. Javascript helps load content without reloading the entire page. This means that the content of the web page will automatically update using Javascript without having the need to refresh or reload the page. A computer game can also be developed using the advance knowledge of javascript.

Server Side Scripting

A server-side scripting, on the other hand, is a series of coding or a program that is executed or run on the server side. The control of the script is handled by the web server rather than just running a script on each user's computer. PHP, ASP.net, Java, Python, Perl, Ruby, etc are examples of server side scripting language.

PHP

PHP is a free and open source and is similar to the .net framework. It was released in 1995 and is one of the most popular programming languages on the internet. It is used to create interactive and dynamic web pages. More than 250 million websites are created with PHP. Most famous Content Management System (CMS) like Wordpress, Drupal, Joomla are PHP based. You can create a username and password login pages, photo galleries, forums, surveys etc. on the site with the help of PHP. A user should have a basic knowledge of HTML, CSS, jQuery before writing PHP scripts.

ASP.NET

ASP.NET or Active Server Page is also a free open source server side web application framework for building web applications and websites using HTML, CSS and Javascript. It was developed by Microsoft and is specially designed for web developers to create dynamic web pages and web services. ASP technology works when a browser requests an ASP file, the ASP reads and executes the file and sends the result to the web browser. This is how the ASP works.

Java

Java is totally different from Javascript. Java is an object oriented programming language similar to C++ that is used to make web pages more interactive. It was developed in 1990's by Sun Microsystems. Later on, Java is acquired by Oracle. Today Java platform is commonly used for the purpose of developing and delivering content on the world wide web. It is used to make small applications module or Applet (a part of the web page). Nowadays there are many devices that run Java and more than 3 billion cell phones are run with the help of Java.

Perl

Perl or Practical Extraction and Report Language is originally designed for text manipulation or text processing but nowadays it is used in a wide range of tasks including web development, GUI development, network programming and so on. It is a cross-platform open source programming language. It has become popular for writing CGI scripts due to the fact that it has strong text processing capabilities. All the e-commerce transactions can be handled with Perl.

A database technology

A database technology is also known as a Database management system (DBMS) is a system on the server which helps to manage all the information of the website and also to store and modify the data as per request. My SQL, Apache, SQL server, IBM are some examples of database technology.

To know more deails about building a website click here.  

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Best Websites To Create YouTube Intro

Adding intros at the beginning of your videos will add an extraordinary touch to your videos. It is the explanatory part of your work at the beginning or you can say that it is the introduction of the work that you're going to present in the videos. The standard of the videos largely depends upon how the intros has been created. It is the vital part of the whole videos. Generally, to create intros you need software's but it is too hard to make intros out of offline software. So I suggest you to take the help of web-based software that will create your videos more easily using web-browser. Here are the two best websites that we're going to talk about for making video intros. Go through these sites and make professional high-end intros in a minute without using any offline software. You can make intros for different works like Youtube, Gaming, Hobby, Personal, Business and marketing. You'll get both free and paid version to create intros in these websites. It is good to use paid version rather to go to the free stuff due to the fact that there are some restrictions based on the free stuff. You can monetize your videos if you use paid version or even you can use your videos for commercial purposes. So let's discuss the two best websites for making intros.

Flixpress.com

Flixpress is one of the best trusted videos customization website that allows the user to create and custom videos using automated templates. It also offers media personalization services for organisation or business enterprise. There are many free and paid templates available in this website with which you can customize to make your intros for your videos.

➤ Click here to visit the website.
➤ Click on "get started for free".

➤ Fill the details and click on "I agree to the terms".

➤ Login with your username and password.

➤ This is the welcome screen.

➤ These are the themes you can choose from.

➤ Select any one of the theme and click on "Customize Now".

➤ Select the color of the theme. Write a tag line as shown in the theme as "SHORT TEXT". Write a buttom line as shown in the theme as "Second Longer Text". Select the resolution- 720p is better. Now, you can preview the theme or you can submit the order. That's it.

Ivipid.com

Ivipid is an marvellous website to create quality video intros. It is like the same complicated technologies that are used in Hollywood movie production. Ivipid has tons of video themes you can choose from for making high-end intros. After login select the desired template that you want to edit and after that enter text or pictures for customization. Once selected the desired resolution you are ready to create the intro.

➤ Click here to visit the website.
➤ Click on "GET STARTED".

➤ These are the themes. Select anyone of them.

➤ Click on "Create".

➤ Now you have to purchase the plan as shown in the image below.

➤ Now using bit coin or through Paypal you can purchase the desired plan. The first one is sufficient for making intros.

     

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